Plug-in network device

ABSTRACT

A plug-in network device is disclosed. The plug-in network device can be used in association with a network management system and an infrastructure network device. The plug-in network device includes two antenna arrays, one of which is up-facing and one of which is front-facing. The plug-in network device can achieve wireless communication with the infrastructure network device via the up-facing antenna array and provide network services to wireless stations through the front-facing antenna array. The network management system can manage both the infrastructure network device and the plug-in network device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/641,946, filed Mar. 12, 2018, all of which is incorporated byreference herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example of a network management system withplug-in mesh network devices.

FIG. 2 depicts diagrams of perspective views of an example of a plug-innetwork device.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an example of plug-in network device components.

FIG. 4 is a diagram an example of a network management system formanaging a private network with plug-in network devices.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an example of a method for establishing awireless communication link between a mother mesh AP and a child mesh APin a local mesh-AP-based wireless communication network.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an example of a method for establishing awireless communication link between a plug-in network device and a WLANvia an intervening plug-in network device.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an example of a mobile network with a plug-innetwork device-augmented WVAN.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 of an example of a network management systemwith plug-in mesh network devices. While network devices may be capableof functioning on a number of different networks, for illustrativeutility in this paper, the network devices are assumed, unless otherwiseindicated, to operate on an enterprise network and can therefore becharacterized as a network device of the relevant enterprise network.Depending upon requirements, preferences, or other factors the networkdevices can be implemented as an access point (AP), gateway, router,bridge, switch, or some other applicable network device on theenterprise network. A network device can be implemented as a wireless AP(WAP) that operates in accordance with proprietary or standardizedprotocols.

The diagram 100 includes a computer-readable medium 102, a networkmanagement system 104 coupled to the computer-readable medium 102, aninfrastructure network device 106 coupled to the computer-readablemedium 102, plug-in mesh network devices 108-1 to 108-n (hereinafter the“plug-in mesh network devices 108), and optional plug-in mesh networkdevices 110-1 to 110-n (hereinafter the “optional plug-in mesh networkdevices 110). The diagram 100 also includes one or more wirelesscomputing devices 112, one or more mobile phones 114, and one or moreIoT (internet of things) devices 116, which are intended to representend-user or edge-of-network devices.

In the example of FIG. 1, the computer-readable medium 102 is intendedto represent a variety of potentially applicable technologies. Forexample, the computer-readable medium 102 can be used to form a networkor part of a network. The term “network” can include a number of typesof communications networks, such as the Internet, an infrastructurenetwork, or the like. The term “Internet” as used in this paper refersto a network of networks that use certain protocols, such as the TCP/IPprotocol, and possibly other protocols, such as the hypertext transferprotocol (HTTP) for hypertext markup language (HTML) documents that makeup the World Wide Web (“the web”). More generally, one or more othernetworks can include, for example, a wide area network (WAN),metropolitan area network (MAN), campus area network (CAN), local areanetwork (LAN), personal area network (PAN), but the one or more othernetworks can at least theoretically be of any size or characterized insome other fashion (e.g., body area network (BAN), near-me area network(NAN), home area network (HAN), vehicle area network (VAN), or Internetarea network (IAN), to name a couple of alternatives).

Networks can include enterprise private networks and virtual privatenetworks (collectively, “private networks”). As the name suggests,private networks are under the control of a single entity. Privatenetworks can include a head office and optional regional offices(collectively, offices). Many offices enable remote users to connect tothe private network offices via some other network, such as theInternet. One or more other networks, as described in this paper, may ormay not include a private network(s). In specific implementations,networks can be implemented as a WAN, public switched telephone network(PSTN), cellular network, or some other network or combination ofsimilar or different networks capable of coupling two private networks.For illustrative simplicity, the term “enterprise network” is intendedto encompass any network or subnet under the control of a single party,regardless of whether the party would be referred to as a “home owner”or a “business.”

Where two components are co-located on a device, the computer-readablemedium 102 can include a bus or other data conduit or plane. Where afirst component is co-located on one device and a second component islocated on a different device, the computer-readable medium 102 caninclude a wireless or wired back-end network or LAN. Thecomputer-readable medium 102 can also encompass a relevant portion of aWAN or other network, if applicable. As used in this paper, a “computerreadable medium” is intended to include all mediums that are statutory(e.g., in the United States, under 35 U.S.C. 101), and to specificallyexclude all mediums that are non-statutory in nature to the extent thatthe exclusion is necessary for a claim that includes thecomputer-readable medium to be valid. Known statutory computer-readablemediums include hardware (e.g., registers, random access memory (RAM),non-volatile (NV) storage, to name a few), but may or may not be limitedto hardware.

In the example of FIG. 1, the network management system 104 andapplicable systems, engines, or devices described in this paper can beimplemented as a computer system or parts of a computer system or aplurality of computer systems. In general, a computer system willinclude a processor, memory, non-volatile storage, and an interface. Atypical computer system will usually include at least a processor,memory, and a device (e.g., a bus) coupling the memory to the processor.The processor can be, for example, a general-purpose central processingunit (CPU), such as a microprocessor, or a special-purpose processor,such as a microcontroller.

The memory can include, by way of example but not limitation, randomaccess memory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM).The memory can be local, remote, or distributed. The bus can also couplethe processor to non-volatile storage. The non-volatile storage is oftena magnetic floppy or hard disk, a magnetic-optical disk, an opticaldisk, a read-only memory (ROM), such as a CD-ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM, amagnetic or optical card, or another form of storage for large amountsof data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory accessprocess, into memory during execution of software on the computersystem. The non-volatile storage can be local, remote, or distributed.The non-volatile storage is optional because systems can be created withall applicable data available in memory.

Software is typically stored in the non-volatile storage. Indeed, forlarge programs, it may not even be possible to store the entire programin the memory. Nevertheless, it should be understood that for softwareto run, if necessary, it is moved to a computer-readable locationappropriate for processing, and for illustrative purposes, that locationis referred to as the memory in this paper. Even when software is movedto the memory for execution, the processor will typically make use ofhardware registers to store values associated with the software, andlocal cache that, ideally, serves to speed up execution. As used herein,a software program is assumed to be stored at an applicable known orconvenient location (from non-volatile storage to hardware registers)when the software program is referred to as “implemented in acomputer-readable storage medium.” A processor is considered to be“configured to execute a program” when at least one value associatedwith the program is stored in a register readable by the processor.

In one example of operation, a computer system can be controlled byoperating system software, which is a software program that includes afile management system, such as a disk operating system. One example ofoperating system software with associated file management systemsoftware is the family of operating systems known as Windows® fromMicrosoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated filemanagement systems. Another example of operating system software withits associated file management system software is the Linux operatingsystem and its associated file management system. The file managementsystem is typically stored in the non-volatile storage and causes theprocessor to execute the various acts required by the operating systemto input and output data and to store data in the memory, includingstoring files on the non-volatile storage.

The bus can also couple the processor to the interface. The interfacecan include one or more input and/or output (I/O) devices. The I/Odevices can include, by way of example but not limitation, a keyboard, amouse or other pointing device, disk drives, printers, a scanner, andother I/O devices, including a display device. The display device caninclude, by way of example but not limitation, a cathode ray tube (CRT),liquid crystal display (LCD), or some other applicable known orconvenient display device. The interface can include one or more of amodem or network interface. It will be appreciated that a modem ornetwork interface can be considered to be part of the computer system.The interface can include an analog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem,token ring interface, satellite transmission interface (e.g. “directPC”), or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to othercomputer systems. Interfaces enable computer systems and other devicesto be coupled together in a network.

Computer systems can be compatible with or implemented as part of orthrough a cloud-based computing system. As used in this paper, acloud-based computing system is a system that provides virtualizedcomputing resources, software and/or information to client devices. Thecomputing resources, software and/or information can be virtualized bymaintaining centralized services and resources that the edge devices canaccess over a communication interface, such as a network. “Cloud” may bea marketing term and for the purposes of this paper can include any ofthe networks described herein. The cloud-based computing system caninvolve a subscription for services or use a utility pricing model.Users (e.g., human agents and/or artificial agents) can access theprotocols of the cloud-based computing system through a web browser orother container application located on their client device.

A computer system can be implemented as an engine, as part of an engineor through multiple engines. As used in this paper, an engine includesat least two components: 1) a dedicated or shared hardware processor and2) hardware, firmware, and/or software modules that are executed by thehardware processor. Depending upon implementation-specific or otherconsiderations, an engine can be centralized or its functionalitydistributed. An engine can include special purpose hardware, firmware,or software embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by thehardware processor. The hardware processor transforms state into newstate using implemented data structures and methods and may include asoftware processor, but is not intended to represent a softwareprocessor sans hardware.

Applicable engines described in this paper, or the engines through whichthe systems and devices described in this paper can be implemented ascloud-based engines. As used in this paper, a cloud-based engine is anengine that can run applications and/or functionalities using acloud-based computing system. All or portions of the applications and/orfunctionalities can be distributed across multiple computing devices,and need not be restricted to only one computing device. In someembodiments, the cloud-based engines can execute functionalities and/ormodules that end users access through a web browser or containerapplication without having the functionalities and/or modules installedlocally on the end-users' computing devices.

As used in this paper, datastores are intended to include repositorieshaving any applicable organization of data, including tables,comma-separated values (CSV) files, traditional databases (e.g., SQL),or other applicable known or convenient organizational formats.Datastores can be implemented, for example, as software embodied in aphysical computer-readable medium on a general- or specific-purposemachine, in firmware, in hardware, in a combination thereof, or in anapplicable known or convenient device or system. Datastore-associatedcomponents, such as database interfaces, can be considered “part of” adatastore, part of some other system component, or a combinationthereof, though the physical location and other characteristics ofdatastore-associated components is not critical for an understanding ofthe techniques described in this paper.

Datastores can include data structures. As used in this paper, a datastructure is associated with a particular way of storing and organizingdata in a computer so that it can be used efficiently within a givencontext. Data structures are generally based on the ability of acomputer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory, specifiedby an address, a bit string that can be itself stored in memory andmanipulated by the program. Thus, some data structures are based oncomputing the addresses of data items with arithmetic operations; whileother data structures are based on storing addresses of data itemswithin the structure itself. Many data structures use both principles,sometimes combined in non-trivial ways. The implementation of a datastructure usually entails writing a set of procedures that create andmanipulate instances of that structure. The datastores, described inthis paper, can be cloud-based datastores. A cloud-based datastore is adatastore that is compatible with cloud-based computing systems andengines.

Referring once again to the example of FIG. 1, the network managementsystem 104 is intended to represent a system for managing at least oneor more network devices comprising a wireless LAN (WLAN) at a physicallocation such as a building, one or more floors of a building, anoutdoor venue, or the like, which are coupled to a wired backbone of anenterprise network (though the backbone could also be wireless);stations can associate with the WLAN to gain access to services on anetwork device to which they are coupled or from the backbone throughthe network device. A wireless network can refer to, by way of examplebut not limitation, to an infrastructure network, an ad hoc network, orsome other applicable wireless network. Data on a wireless network isoften encrypted, but can be sent in the clear if desired. The stations,network devices, and more generally any device connected to a network,can be referred to as “on” the network.

Depending upon implementation-specific factors, a station can becharacterized as a device with a media access control (MAC) address anda physical layer (PHY) interface to a wireless medium that complies withthe IEEE 802.11 standards. IEEE 802.11a-1999, IEEE 802.11b-1999, IEEE802.11g-2003, IEEE 802.11-2007, IEEE 802.11n TGn Draft 8.0 (2009), andIEEE 802.11ac are incorporated by reference. As used in this paper, asystem or device that is 802.11 standards-compatible or 802.11standards-compliant complies with at least some of one or more of theincorporated documents' requirements and/or recommendations, orrequirements and/or recommendations from earlier drafts of thedocuments, and includes Wi-Fi systems. Wi-Fi is a non-technicaldescription that is generally correlated with the IEEE 802.11 standards,as well as Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and WPA2 security standards, andthe Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) standard. In alternativeembodiments, a station may comply with a different standard than Wi-Fior IEEE 802.11, may be referred to as something other than a “station,”and may have different interfaces to a wireless or other medium.

Depending upon implementation-specific factors, an AP can becharacterized as a network device that is used to enable a wirelesscommunication channel in compliance with the IEEE 802.15 standards suchas IEEE 801.15.1 (e.g., Bluetooth), IEEE 801.15.4 (e.g., ZigBee), etc.

Depending upon implementation-specific factors, an AP can becharacterized as a network device that is used to enable a communicationchannel in compliance with the IEEE 802.3 standards. IEEE 802.3 is aworking group and a collection of IEEE standards produced by the workinggroup defining the physical layer and data link layer's MAC of wiredEthernet. This is generally a LAN technology with some WAN applications.Physical connections are typically made between nodes and/orinfrastructure devices (hubs, switches, routers) by various types ofcopper or fiber cable. IEEE 802.3 is a technology that supports the IEEE802.1 network architecture. As is well-known in the relevant art, IEEE802.11 is a working group and collection of standards for implementingWLAN computer communication in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands.The base version of the standard IEEE 802.11-2007 has had subsequentamendments. These standards provide the basis for wireless networkproducts using the Wi-Fi brand. IEEE 802.1 and 802.3 are incorporated byreference.

In the example of FIG. 1, the network management system 104 is intendedto represent hardware configured to manage configuration, topology,and/or analytics of one or more WLANs, at least one of which includesthe infrastructure network device 106. The network management system104, or a portion thereof, may be provided through a cloud-basedplatform, provided through a web server, distributed across multipledevices such as the infrastructure network device 106, or providedthrough some other mechanism. Accordingly, depending uponimplementation- and/or configuration-specific factors, the functionalityascribed to the network management system 104 above could becharacterized as being performed by the infrastructure network device106. In a specific implementation, the network management system 104 iscapable of onboarding plug-in network devices, as is discussed in moredetail later.

In an alternative, the network management system 104 is configured toestablish an admin-designated topology of a WLAN other than meshtopology. The applicable WLAN topology may include daisy chain (ringtopology), star topology, line topology, tree topology, fully-connectedtopology, and combination thereof (and a combination thereof with meshtopology). Thus, there are multiple alternatives to mesh that can takeadvantage of the techniques described in this paper. It may be noted theplug-in mesh network devices 108 and 110 are referred to as “mesh”because that is what is depicted in the example of FIG. 1, but anappropriate term could be used in place of mesh, depending uponimplementation- and/or configuration-specific factors.

The network management system 104, or a portion thereof, may be providedthrough a cloud-based platform, provided through a web server,distributed across multiple devices such as the infrastructure networkdevice 106, or provided through some other mechanism. Accordingly,depending upon implementation- and/or configuration-specific factors,the functionality ascribed to the network management system 104, or anyof it, could be characterized as being performed by the infrastructurenetwork device 106.

In the example of FIG. 1, the infrastructure network device 106 isintended to represent a network device physically present at a locationassociated with a specific LAN of an enterprise network. Theinfrastructure network device 106 may be one of multiple network devices(not shown) that are physically present at the location associated withthe specific LAN of the enterprise network. The infrastructure networkdevice 106 may be one of multiple different network devices (not shown)that are physically present at multiple different locations associatedwith respective multiple different specific LANs of the enterprisenetwork. In alternative implementations, the infrastructure networkdevice 106 can be a network device of a HAN or a VAN, and may not bepart of an extended service set (ESS) more typical in enterprisenetworks. It should be understood enterprise networks can comprise asingle basic service set (BSS) and the terms ESS and BSS areimplementation-specific, so alternative terms that capture the conceptof an extended network with multiple local networks can be used whereappropriate.

In a specific implementation, the infrastructure network device 106includes a WAP that functions as a gateway between a WLAN and a backbonenetwork. The infrastructure network device 106 is intended to representa device capable of wireless communication with stations within acommunication range of the infrastructure network device 106. In anexample of operation, a station attempts to authenticate with theinfrastructure network device 106. A wireless authentication engineimplemented on the infrastructure network device 106 or accessiblethrough the backbone network enables the station to be authenticated,resulting in the station being granted access to one or more servicesfrom a service provisioning engine (or one or more service provisioningengines) and the service provisioning engine requires a secondauthentication process. Alternatively, a sign-on authentication enginecan perform the authentication on behalf of the station such that thestation must only (from the perspective of the station) authenticateonce.

In a specific implementation, the infrastructure network device 106 isprovided at a high position such as a ceiling of a room such thatwireless signals can be propagated therefrom and received thereby from alocation that is generally out-of-the-way, but with advantageousline-of-sight (LOS) and minimal interference from physical objects. Forexample, in an office floor having a hallway and a plurality ofindividual offices connected to the hallway, the infrastructure networkdevice 106 is provided at a ceiling of the hallway. In another example,in a home space having a living room around which several bedrooms arelocated, the infrastructure network device 106 is provided at a highwall position of the living room. In some locations, such as in avehicle, the height of the infrastructure network device 106 isgenerally considered to be less consequential. For example, theinfrastructure network device 106 would likely be installed in thedashboard area of a vehicle, as opposed to the ceiling, though thehigher mount may still be considered sufficiently superior to put theinfrastructure network device 106 there.

In a specific implementation, the infrastructure network device 106 isconfigured to maintain identification information of the infrastructurenetwork device 106, such as serial number and/or MAC address, of theinfrastructure network device 106 and unique credential information(e.g., default credential information) for other stations on thenetwork. To establish a wireless connection, stations send credentialinformation of the infrastructure network device 106, and theinfrastructure network device 106 compares credential informationmaintained therein and the credential information received from thestations for authentication. Some network devices can authenticatelocally at the network device, while others must pass informationthrough the backbone network for authentication at least in part at anAuthentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA), e.g., a remoteauthentication dial-in user service (RADIUS), server. In a RADIUSimplementation, network devices often have a RADIUS client componentthat communicates with the RADIUS server. RFC 2865 (authentication andauthorization) and RFC 2866 (accounting) are incorporated herein byreference.

As is illustrated in the diagram 100, the infrastructure network device106 is coupled to the plug-in mesh network devices 108. Depending onsignal intensity of signal generated from the infrastructure networkdevice 106, as well as other factors, the communication range of theinfrastructure network device 106 may vary from a few feet to a fewhundred feet, but the diagram 100 is not intended to illustrate scale orrange. The line connecting the infrastructure network device 106 to theplug-in mesh network devices 108 in the diagram 100 is intended torepresent a direct communication link, so the plug-in mesh networkdevices 108 are assumed to be within range of the infrastructure networkdevice 106 (and any equivalent devices that are not in range or arecoupled to the infrastructure network device 106 through a repeater oran indirect communication link are excluded from the plug-in meshnetwork devices 108).

In the example of FIG. 1, the plug-in mesh network devices 108 areintended to represent network devices capable of extending the reach orrange of the infrastructure network device 106 without simply acting asa repeater. For example, the plug-in mesh network devices 108 can havefunctionality normally attributed to a smart AP, or at least a node thatdoes more than acting solely as a bridge for data passing through it. Ina specific implementation, the plug-in mesh network devices 108 arecapable of communicating with one another, if within range, through adirect communication link therebetween, though this is not shown in thediagram 100. Alternatively or in addition, the plug-in mesh networkdevices 108 are capable of communicating with infrastructure networkdevices (not shown) other than the infrastructure network device 106,and which may be on the same network or subnetwork as the infrastructurenetwork device 106 or on another network and subnetwork.

In a specific implementation, the plug-in mesh network devices 108 areprovided at positions lower than the infrastructure network device 106.For example, in an office floor having a hallway and a plurality ofindividual offices connected to the hallway, the infrastructure networkdevice 106 are located near floor level in individual offices of theoffice floor. In another example, in a home space having a living roomaround which several bedrooms are located, the plug-in mesh networkdevices 108 are located near floor level of the bedrooms. One reason forpositioning the plug-in mesh network devices 108 at near floor level isthat is the location of electrical outlets.

In a specific implementation, the plug-in mesh network devices 108 areconfigured to wirelessly transmit authentication information thereofsuch that the plug-in mesh network devices 108 are introduced into theWLAN of the infrastructure network device 106. In a specificimplementation, the authentication information includes identificationinformation of the plug-in mesh network devices 108, such as serialnumber and/or MAC address. In a specific implementation, the plug-inmesh network devices 108 are configured to transmit the authenticationinformation in response to applicable triggering events, such as poweron (e.g., switch on, plug-in, etc.) of the plug-in mesh network devices108 and specific user operations of the plug-in mesh network devices 108(e.g., switching the device to “on,” pressing the “done” button in anapp, etc.). In a specific implementation, a typical authenticationprocess may be obviated by using a pre-shared key (PSK) known at bothends of the link or SSL (Secure Socket Layer) based on public/privatekey mechanism, which can improve security by eliminating the need toauthenticate wirelessly.

In a specific implementation, the plug-in mesh network devices 108 areconfigured to maintain identification information of the plug-in meshnetwork devices 108 (e.g., serial number and/or MAC address) and uniquecredential information (e.g., default credential information) forstations with which they are in communication in operation. To establisha wireless connection, stations can send credential information, whichthe plug-in mesh network devices 108 compare to credential informationmaintained therein for authentication and/or authorization purposes.

In the example of FIG. 1, the optional plug-in mesh network devices 110are not within range of the infrastructure network device 106 and/or theinfrastructure network device 106 is not within range of the optionalplug-in mesh network devices 110. Alternatively or in addition, theremay be a reason unrelated to range to deny a direct connection betweenthe optional plug-in mesh network devices 110 and the infrastructurenetwork device 106. The optional plug-in mesh network devices 110 can beonboarded in a manner similar to that described above with reference tothe plug-in mesh network devices 108, but with an additional hop toreach the network management system 104 (unless, of course, relevantfunctionality of the network management system 104 is on the plug-inmesh network devices 108, or at least a relevant one of them). Thefunctionality of the plug-in mesh network devices 108 and the optionalplug-in mesh network devices 110 may or may not be the same. Theoptional plug-in mesh network devices 110 are optional because it may bedesirable to limit network devices to those that can have a directwireless connection with the infrastructure network device 106. Theoptional plug-in mesh network devices 110 could also be replaced withrepeaters.

For illustrative purposes, wireless computing devices 112, mobile phones114, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices 116 are depicted in thediagram 100. These devices are not intended to limit the type ofstations that could be on the WLAN associated with the infrastructurenetwork device 106. The wireless computing devices 112 are intended torepresent one or more end-node wireless communication devices configuredto perform short-range wireless communication, such as personalcomputers (e.g., desktop computers and laptop computer), tablets, smartwatches, game consoles, and so on. The mobile phones 114 are intended torepresent one or more end-node wireless communication devices configuredto perform long-range wireless communication as well as short-rangewireless communication, such as smartphones, tablets, smart watches, andso on, if they are implemented with long-range capabilities. The IoTdevices 116 are intended to represent one or more end-node wirelesscommunication devices configured to perform short-range (and sometimeslong-range) wireless communication for specific purposes, such as smartspeaker, smart thermostat, smart home security device, smart garageopener, smart TV, smart vehicle, smart home appliance, smart wearabledevices, and so on. While the diagram 100 does not include linesconnecting the wireless computing devices 112, the mobile phones 114,and the IoT devices 116 to the network devices, they are intended torepresent stations that will establish wireless links with one or moreof the network devices in operation. Because the plug-in mesh networkdevices 108 and 110 are not simply bridges, it is not necessarily thecase that the network management system 104 will prefer stationsauthenticate with upstream network devices because downstream networkdevices may have functionality adequate to reduce upstream traffic,making load balancing more desirable than would typically be the casefor a mesh where some nodes are simply repeaters.

FIG. 2 depicts diagram 200A and 200B (collectively, the “diagrams 200”)of an example of a plug-in network device. Diagram 200A shows a rearside of the plug-in network device and diagram 200B shows a front sideof the plug-in network device. The diagrams 200 include a rear housing202, a front housing 204 connected to the rear housing 202, analternating current (AC) power plug 206 extending from the rear housing202, and a state indicator 208 on an upper portion of the front housing204.

In the example of FIG. 2, the rear housing 202 is intended to representa part of a housing of the plug-in network device on a side (rear side)that is intended to face a wall with an AC power socket. In a specificimplementation, electronic components to cause the plug-in networkdevice to function as a WAP are accommodated in the rear housing 202. Insuch an implementation, the plug-in network device can be characterizedas a plug-in WAP. Specific electronic components of a plug-in networkdevice will be described with reference to FIG. 3 below.

In a specific implementation, the rear housing 202 includes anengagement mechanism (not shown in FIG. 2) to be engaged with the fronthousing 204. Depending on a specific implementation, the engagementmechanism may include a latch structure to removably fix the fronthousing 204 to the rear housing 202. The engagement mechanism may or maynot include one or more engagement surfaces that are configured to beflush with one or more engagement surfaces of the front housing 204. Forexample, the rear housing 202 may include a male or female engagementmechanism that is coupled to a female or male engagement mechanism ofthe front housing 204.

In the example of FIG. 2, the front housing 204 is intended to representa part of a housing of the plug-in network device on a side (front side)that is intended to face away from a wall with an AC power socket. In aspecific implementation, electronic components to cause the plug-innetwork device to function as a WAP are accommodated in the fronthousing 204. (The electronic components can also be distributed betweenthe front housing 204 and the rear housing 202.)

The rear housing 202 and the front housing 204 have a shape suitable forcoupling to an AC power socket on a wall. For example, the rear housing202 can be formed in a substantially cuboid shape with a square frontand rear face where the length of each side of the square is 50-80 mm(e.g., 72 mm), and rectangular sides with a width of about 20-45 mm(e.g., 42 mm) measured across both the rear housing 202 and the fronthousing 204 when the plug-in network device is assembled. The rearhousing 202 and the front housing 204 are formed of applicable materialsto be safe and sturdy enough for affixing to a wall. For example, therear housing 202 and the front housing 204 can be formed of dielectricmaterials such as resin and/or conductive materials such as metal. In aspecific implementation, the plug-in network device has a weight that issuitable to affix to a wall. For example, in a specific implementation,the plug-in network device weighs 100-300 g.

In the example of FIG. 2, the rear housing 202 has slots formed in theupper wall-facing surface to allow prongs of the AC power plug 206 toextend therefrom. The AC power plug 206 could extend from some otherapplicable portion of the rear housing 202 than is depicted. The ACpower plug 206 is intended to represent a male portion of a domestic orlight commercial electrical connector. Depending on a country to beused, the shape of the AC power plug 206 may vary. It may be desirableto include multiple power sources, such as the AC power plug 206 and aninternal battery so that if the plug-in network device is accidentallyor unintentionally unplugged, the internal battery can allow the plug-innetwork device to continue to operate (presumably, in this example,until it is plugged back in).

The AC power plug 206 is for AC power because that is what is suitablefor some common use cases, such as domestic and light commercialapplications, and specifically because they can be plugged intoubiquitous wall sockets found in domestic and light commerciallocations. Alternatively, the AC power plug 206 could be replaced withan industrial or multiphase plug and/or a direct current (DC) plug foruse as a small coaxial connector, snap and lock DC power connectors,outdoor light systems connectors, airline in-seat power supply systems,powerpole connectors, SAE connectors, cigar lighter plugs, to nameseveral. Instead or in addition to the AC power plug 206, the plug-innetwork device can include a LAN slot for connection with a wiredcommunication device, a universal serial bus (USB) of applicableversions (e.g., Type-A, Type-B, Type-C, USB 2.0, USB 3.0, USB 3.1, USB3.2, mini/micro USB, etc.) for data communication and/or powersupply/charging, or some other applicable connector that can providedata, power, or both. Some of these alternatives or additions may bemore conveniently located on the front housing 204 than the rear housing202.

In the example of FIG. 2, the state indicator 208 is intended torepresent an indicator, such as a light-emitting diode (LED) formed inthe front housing 204. In a specific implementation, the state indicator208 is configured to indicate an operational and/or connection state ofthe plug-in network device. The state indicator 208 may be configured toindicate different status depending upon flash pattern or color. Forexample, a green light might indicate the plug-in network device hassufficient power, while a red light might indicate the plug-in networkdevice is note receiving adequate power (e.g., when the plug-in networkdevice is accidentally unplugged). As another example, a green lightmight indicate a link has been established with another network deviceand a flashing green light might indicate the link has been established,but the plug-in network device is not receiving adequate power. Thestatus indicator 208 can also be implemented using multiple distinctindicators, such as three LEDs in a row that indicate different status(e.g., one for power, one for configuration, and one for link status).Depending upon implementation- and/or configuration-specific factors,the status indicator 208 can be augmented with audio, which may or maynot also include forming openings in the rear housing 202 or the fronthousing 204. Depending on a specific implementation, the audio signalsmay include a beep sound and/or a human voice announcement, such as“please plug me back in” or “the fire alarm has been triggered on thethird floor.”

FIG. 3 is a diagram 300 of an example of plug-in network devicecomponents. The diagram 300 includes a plug-in network device housing302, an up-facing antenna array 304 coupled to the plug-in networkdevice housing 302, a front-facing antenna array 306 coupled to theplug-in network device housing 302, an antenna signal shield 308 coupledto the plug-in network device housing between the up-facing antennaarray 304 and the front-facing antenna array 306, an infrastructurenetwork device wireless communication interface 310 coupled to theup-facing antenna array 304, a non-AP wireless communication interface312 coupled to the front-facing antenna array 306, a protocol conversionmodule 314 coupled to the infrastructure network device wirelesscommunication interface 310 and the non-AP wireless communicationinterface 312, a wired backbone communication interface 316 coupled tothe protocol conversion module 314, a network device processing engine318 coupled to the infrastructure network device wireless communicationinterface 310, the non-AP wireless communication interface 312, theprotocol conversion module 314, and the wired backbone communicationinterface 316, a portability power control engine 320 coupled to thenetwork device processing engine 316, a local output interface 322coupled to the network device processing engine, a network devicesecurity management engine 324 coupled to the network device processingengine 316, and secure coupling brackets 326 coupled to the plug-innetwork device housing 302.

In the example of FIG. 3, the plug-in network device housing 302 isintended to represent an external body of the plug-in network device. Inan alternative, the housing 302 is replaced with a frame or a board, buta housing will be desirable in at least some expected use cases.

In the example of FIG. 3, the up-facing antenna array 304 is intended torepresent an array of antennas configured to send wireless signals toand receive wireless signals from an infrastructure network device. In aspecific implementation, the up-facing antenna array 304 is provided ata portion of the plug-in network device higher than the front-facingantenna array 306 when the plug-in network device is plugged into an ACpower socket (or some other applicable socket). In a specificimplementation, the up-facing antenna array 304 is directed upward,which has the advantage of reducing signal interference from wirelessactivities associated with the front-facing antenna array 306. In aspecific implementation, the up-facing antenna array 304 is preventedfrom transmitting signals downward so as to reduce interference at thefront-facing antenna array 306. In a specific implementation, adirectivity of wireless signals emitted from the up-facing antenna array304 is limited to between π/6 radians and π/2 radians from horizontal,so as to effectively communicate with an infrastructure network device.(π/2 radians is assumed to be the upper bound because that is flush withthe wall onto which the plug-in network device is presumed to beaffixed, but the upward bound would likely increase to 5π/6 radians ifthere were no wall, which is similar to saying above panoramic π/6radians above horizontal.)

In the example of FIG. 3, the front-facing antenna array 306 is intendedto represent an array of antennas configured to send wireless signals toand receive wireless signals from non-AP stations. In an alternative,the front-facing antenna array 306 can also send wireless signals to andreceive wireless signals from other plug-in network devices. In aspecific implementation, the front-facing antenna array 306 is providedat a portion of the plug-in network device lower than the up-facingantenna array 304 when the plug-in network device is plugged into an ACpower socket (or some other applicable socket). In a specificimplementation, the front-facing antenna array 306 is directed frontward(e.g., roughly parallel to the ground in a typical installation), whichhas the advantage of reducing signal interference from wirelessactivities associated with the up-facing antenna array 304. In aspecific implementation, the front-facing antenna array 306 is preventedfrom transmitting signals upward so as to reduce interference at theup-facing antenna array 304. In a specific implementation, a directivityof wireless signals emitted from the front-facing antenna array 304 islimited to between π/6 radians and −π/2 radians from horizontal, so asto effectively communicate with non-AP stations or, if applicable, otherplug-in network devices. (−π/2 radians is assumed to be the lower boundbecause that is flush with the wall onto which the plug-in networkdevice is presumed to be affixed, but the lower bound would likelydecrease to −7π/6 radians if there were no wall, which is similar tosaying below panoramic π/6 radians above horizontal.)

In the example of FIG. 3, the antenna signal shield 308 is intended torepresent a signal shield member configured to shield the up-facingantenna array 304 from electromagnetic (EM) interference associated withthe front-facing antenna array 306, and vice versa. The antenna signalshield 308 can also be characterized as a radio frequency (RF) shield.In a specific implementation, the antenna signal shield 308 isconfigured to absorb or reflect EM radiation emitted from the up-facingantenna array 304, such that received signal strength (RSS) at thefront-facing antenna array 306 is reduced or, ideally, the signals arenot detected at all. In a specific implementation, the antenna signalshield 308 is configured to absorb or reflect EM radiation emitted fromthe front-facing antenna array 306, such that the RSS at the up-facingantenna array 304 is reduced or, ideally, the signals are not detectedat all. In a specific implementation, the antenna signal shield 308 isprovided between the up-facing antenna array 304 and the front-facingantenna array 306 and extends in a roughly horizontal plane along theentire longitudinal side of the up-facing antenna array 304 and theentire longitudinal side of the front-facing antenna array 306. In aspecific implementation, the antenna signal shield 308 is formed of ametal plate and/or a metal mesh having mesh size smaller thanwavelengths of the wireless signals to be shielded. Examples of metalthat can be used to form the antenna signal shield 308 include copperand/or nickel.

In the example of FIG. 3, the infrastructure network device wirelesscommunication interface 310 is intended to represent a signal processingmodule (e.g., circuitry) configured to process signals received from theup-facing antenna array 304 into signals to be internally processed inthe plug-in network device and generate signals to be propagated fromthe up-facing antenna array 304. Depending on a specific implementation,the infrastructure network device wireless communication interface 310includes applicable circuit elements such as an amplifier, a phaseshifter, a signal modulator, an analog-to-digital (AD) converter, and adigital-to-analog (DA) converter. For example, when the infrastructurenetwork device wireless communication interface 310 receives wirelesssignals from the up-facing antenna array 304, the infrastructure networkdevice wireless communication interface 310 generates a digital bitsignal from the received wireless signals and provides to the protocolconversion module 314. In another example, when the infrastructurenetwork device wireless communication interface 310 receives digital bitwireless signals from the protocol conversion module 314, theinfrastructure network device wireless communication interface 310generates an analog signal to be propagated from the up-facing antennaarray 304.

In the example of FIG. 3, the non-AP station wireless communicationinterface 312 is intended to represent a signal processing module (e.g.,circuitry) configured to process signals received from the front-facingantenna array 306 into signals to be internally processed in the plug-innetwork device and generate signals to be propagated from thefront-facing antenna array 306. In a specific implementation, the non-APstation wireless communication interface 312 includes the same orsimilar circuit elements as the infrastructure network device wirelesscommunication interface 310 and performs the same or similar signalprocessing, but for non-AP station communications instead ofinfrastructure network device communications. The term “non-AP stationwireless communication interface” is intended to be short for “non-APstation and plug-in network device wireless communication interface” inan implementation that includes other plug-in network devices with whichthe plug-in network device depicted in the example of FIG. 3 candirectly communicate.

In the example of FIG. 3, the protocol conversion module 314 is intendedto represent circuitry for converting a signal from a first wirelesscommunication protocol to a second wireless communication protocol. Forexample, a wireless communication protocol associated with the up-facingantenna array 304 may be different from a wireless communicationprotocol associated with the front-facing antenna array 306. In aspecific implementation, the protocol conversion module 314 isconfigured to convert a signal compliant with a first IEEE 801.11standard (e.g., IEEE 801.11b/g) to a signal compliant with a second IEEE801.11 standard (e.g., IEEE 801.11ac), from 802.11 to 802.15, or to andfrom some other collection of protocols. Advantageously, the wirelesscommunication protocol of wireless signals transmitted and received bythe up-facing antenna array 304 can conform to a first protocol with atransmission rate that is lower than that of a second protocolassociated with the front-facing antenna array 306, which can improvethe overall performance of the WLAN. In a specific implementation, whenthe protocol conversion module 314 converts to a protocol, the protocolconversion module 314 is configured to convert (down-convert and/orup-convert) a frequency of the wireless signals. For example, when theprotocol conversion module 314 converts from IEEE 801.11b/g to IEEE801.11ac, the protocol conversion module 314 upconverts the frequency to2.4 GHz to 5.0 GHz.

In a specific implementation, the protocol conversion module 314 isconfigured to convert a wire-based communication protocol employed by awire-based communication through the wired backbone communicationinterface 316 to a wireless communication protocol for wirelesscommunication through the up-facing antenna array 304 and/or thefront-facing antenna array 306. For example, the wire-basedcommunication can be compliant with the IEEE 802.3 standards.

In the example of FIG. 3, the wired backbone communication interface 316is intended to represent circuitry for processing signals receivedthrough wires into signals to be internally processed in the plug-innetwork device and generate signals to be transmitted through antennas.In a specific implementation, the wired backbone communication interface316 includes the same or similar circuit elements as the infrastructurenetwork device wireless communication interface 310 and/or the non-APstation wireless communication interface 312, and performs the same orsimilar signal processing.

In the example of FIG. 3, the network device processing engine 318 isintended to represent a processing module configured to control theentire operation of the plug-in network device. In a specificimplementation, the network device processing engine 318 drives theinfrastructure network device wireless communication interface 310, thenon-AP station wireless communication interface 312, and the wiredbackbone communication interface 368 to perform signal processing. In aspecific implementation, the network device processing engine 318 causesthe protocol conversion module 314 to perform protocol conversion asdiscussed above. In a specific implementation, the network deviceprocessing engine 318 causes the portability power control engine 320,the local output interface 322, and the network device securitymanagement engine 324 to perform their respective operations asdiscussed below.

In a specific implementation, the network device processing engine 318is also configured to serve as a buffer. For example, when wirelesscommunication is carried out via the up-facing antenna array 304 and thefront-facing antenna array 306, via the up-facing antenna array 304 andthe wired backbone communication interface 316, and via the front-facingantenna array 306 and the wired backbone communication interface 316,the network device processing engine 316 buffers datasets that are notyet ready to be transmitted therein. In another example, when datacommunication is carried out between and infrastructure network deviceand some other plug-in network devices or non-AP station, the networkdevice processing engine 318 buffers datasets that are not yet ready tobe transmitted.

In the example of FIG. 3, the portability power control engine 320 isintended to represent circuitry for controlling power supply to theplug-in network device. In a specific implementation, the portabilitypower control engine 320 is configured to supply power to electroniccomponents of the plug-in network device. In a specific implementation,the portability power control engine 320 is connectable to an electricalsocket or any other applicable connector (e.g. USB, cigarette lighterreceptacle, etc.) to receive power from an external power source (e.g.,an electrical grid). In a specific implementation, the portability powercontrol engine 320 is configured to store power therein. For example,the portability power control engine 320 is configured to accommodatenon-detachable and/or detachable power storage or capacitance. In aspecific implementation, the non-detachable power storage includesrechargeable battery, capacitors, or photovoltaic cells, to name a few.In a specific implementation, the detachable power storage includesrechargeable battery, non-rechargeable battery, or photovoltaic cells,to name a few. In a specific implementation, the portability powercontrol engine 320 is configured to also supply power stored in powerstorage out of the plug-in network device, for example, to one or morestations, such as via a USB Type-C connector.

In the example of FIG. 3, the local output interface 322 is intended torepresent circuitry for generating a notification output for applicablepurposes. In a specific implementation, the notification output islight, a sound, an image, a multimedia stream, or a signal triggeringone or more of these, to name several possibilities. In a specificimplementation, the notification output is associated with anoperational and/or connection state of the plug-in network device. In aspecific implementation, the notification output can be for events thathave nothing to do with the state of the plug-in network device, such asa tardy bell in a school, the location of a triggered motion sensor, orthe like.

In the example of FIG. 3, the network device security management engine324 is intended to represent circuitry for managing an authenticationprocess of the plug-in network device for connection with stationsand/or an authentication processes. In a specific implementation, thenetwork device security management engine 324 is configured to cause theup-facing antenna array 304 (and maybe also the front-facing antennaarray 306) to transmit authentication information of the plug-in networkdevice, such that the plug-in network device is introduced into a WLANwhen deployed. In a specific implementation, the authenticationinformation includes identification information of the plug-in networkdevice, such as serial number and/or MAC address. In a specificimplementation, the network device security management engine 324 isconfigured to cause the up-facing antenna array 304 (and may be also thefront-facing antenna array 306) to transmit the authenticationinformation in response to applicable triggering events, such as powersupply (e.g., switch on, plug-in, etc.) from the portability powercontrol engine 320 and specific user operations of the plug-in networkdevice.

In a specific implementation, the plug-in security management engine 324is configured to maintain identification information of the plug-innetwork device, such as serial number and/or MAC address, of the plug-innetwork device and unique credential information (e.g., defaultcredential information) for other stations. In a specificimplementation, the network security management engine 324 is configuredto assist in establishing a wireless connection with other stations. Toestablish the secure wireless connection, stations send credentialinformation, which the network device security management engine 324compares to credential information maintained therein or that can beprovided to the network device security management engine 324 through aninfrastructure network device.

In the example of FIG. 3, the secure coupling brackets 326 are intendedto represent one or more mechanical, magnetic, and/or electrical modulesemployed to secure coupling of the plug-in network device to apredetermined position (e.g., an AC power socket on a wall). In aspecific implementation, the secure coupling brackets 326 include one ormore openings (e.g., holes) to receive fasteners such as screws ornails. In a specific implementation, the secure coupling brackets 326are detachably coupled to the plug-in network device housing 302.Advantageously, especially where the plug-in network device receivespower from external sources, it is desirable to prevent the plug-innetwork device from being inadvertently disconnected from the powersupply. Even relatively flimsy secure coupling brackets 326 shouldsignal to a human that the plug-in network device should not beunplugged, so there is no explicit requirement that the secure couplingbrackets 326 be exceptionally robust, unless such an implementation isnecessitated by factors that are atypical in a home or officeinstallation.

In the example of FIG. 3, the sensor(s) 328 is intended to representvarious applicable sensors such as a global positioning sensor (GPS), anaccelerometer, a gyrometer, a motion sensor, a vibration sensor, a smellsensor (e.g., alcohol sensor), a sound (including ultrasonic) sensor, athermometer, a hygrometer, a smoke detector, and so on. In a specificimplementation, when the sensor(s) 328 detect an abnormal state, thesensor(s) 328 transmit an abnormality notification to the network deviceprocessing engine 318, such that the network device processing engine318 uses the infrastructure network device wireless communicationinterface 310 to transmit the abnormality notification over theup-facing antenna array 304. In a specific implementation, theabnormality notification is transmitted to a network management system(for alerting an admin or other responsible party) and/or applicableentities (e.g., police, fire department, highway patrol, coast guard,aviation administration, amber alert, etc.).

FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 an example of a network management system formanaging a private network with plug-in network devices. The diagram 400includes a CRM 402, an infrastructure network device 404 coupled to theCRM 402, a newly deployed plug-in network device 406 coupled to theinfrastructure network device 404, and a network management system 408coupled to the CRM 402. The CRM 402, infrastructure network device 404,newly deployed plug-in network device 406, and network management system408 can be implemented in a manner similar to that described withreference to the CRM 102, infrastructure network device 106, one or moreof the plug-in network devices 108 or 110, and the network managementsystem 104 of claim 1.

In the diagram 400, the network management system 408 includes a networksecurity engine 410, network security policy datastore 412, accesscontrol engine 414, access control list (ACL) 416, plug-in networkdevice onboarding engine 418, and plug-in network device onboardingdatastore 420. End user devices can be introduced into a network fromtime to time. Most commercial networks find unacceptable a securenetwork that prevents any new devices from being onboarded. Sometechniques for reducing risk include continuously monitoring for roguedevices and limiting some devices to subnets with reduced access, suchas is typical for guest networks.

The network security engine 410 is intended to represent an engine thatenforces network security policy, rules, or the like for an enterprisenetwork that includes the infrastructure network device 404 and anystations with a wireless connection to the infrastructure network device404. Depending on implementation- and/or configuration-specific factors,the network security engine 410 may deny establishment of a wirelesscommunication link with new network devices and disestablish apre-existing wireless communication link between network devices whensuch a wireless communication link is inferior to a preexisting path(e.g., one or more links). The applicable criteria for determiningwhether a link is inferior can include average throughput, total datatraffic amount, frequency of data congestion (e.g., data drop off frombuffer or time out of data packets), average communication cost, and soon.

The network security policy datastore 412 is intended to representstate, policy, rules, or the like used by the network security engine410 to fulfill its role of providing network security. The networksecurity policy datastore 412 may or may not have a security role forany device coupled to the enterprise network via the CRM 402, but forillustrative purposes of this example, devices other than theinfrastructure network device 404 are omitted.

The access control engine 414 is intended to represent an engine formaintaining the ACL 416. An administrative agent, whether human orartificial, can add identifying information to the ACL 416, such as MACaddress, source, destination, IP address, or some other parameter orcombination of parameters to indicate a device should have access toservices of a managed network. For infrastructure network devices inparticular, this has historically been a manual task carried out by asystems administrator, though the process has been increasinglyautomated over time, and is an area that continues to be the subject ofresearch and development efforts. The ACL 416 can be implemented in anappropriate manner, and can include datastores for technologies that usea term other than “ACL” to represent a white list of devices with accessto the relevant network or subnetwork. The ACL 416 can also include ablack list of devices that are prohibited access to the relevant networkor subnetwork.

The plug-in network device onboarding engine 418 is intended torepresent an engine that facilitates the onboarding of the newlydeployed plug-in network device 408 using rules, keys, policies, or thelike stored in the plug-in network device onboarding datastore 420 toauthenticate and authorize the newly deployed plug-in network device408. Advantageously, the plug-in network device onboarding engine 418can onboard a plug-in network device that is not in the ACL 416 and thatthe network security policy 412 would normally prohibit but for theplug-in network device onboarding database 420 parameters, all whilealleviating some of the security concerns.

In the example of FIG. 4, in operation, the network security engine 410identifies a station at the infrastructure network device 404. Theaccess control engine 414 determines whether the station is entitled toaccess post-authorization services of at least a subnet of theenterprise network. What is intended by the term “post-authorizationservices” is those services that would be provided to a device onlyafter authorization is complete; devices are at least provided the“pre-authorization” service, but are generally not given access beyondpre-authorization services (or perhaps are given guest access) if theauthorization fails. The plug-in network device onboarding engine 418provides an additional service for devices that fail to gain access,which is a service to identify the device as a plug-in network device.

In a specific implementation, the newly deployed plug-in network device406 has identification information (e.g., serial number, MAC address,pre-shared key, to name a few) that can be matched to parameters in theplug-in network device onboarding datastore 420, and, if applicable,authentication information, that the newly deployed plug-in networkdevice 406 sends to the infrastructure network device 404 for use at theplug-in network device onboarding engine 418. (As a reminder, some orall of the network management system 408 can actually be implemented onthe infrastructure network device 404.) In this specific implementation,the plug-in network device onboarding engine 418 matches at least theidentifying information to identification parameters in the plug-innetwork device onboarding engine 420. The network management system 104may or may not also compare identifying information of a deployeddevice, such as the infrastructure network device 404 or an interveningplug-in network device (not shown) and/or credentials associatedtherewith. This optional step can be used to ensure the newly-deployedplug-in network device 406 is in the right place, as a secondaryauthentication check, or for some other purpose. When the newly-deployedplug-in network device 406 is authenticated and/or authorized, theaccess control engine 414 can add the relevant information to the ACL416 and/or the network security engine 410 can update the networksecurity policy datastore 412, in addition to enabling the provisioningof network services through the newly-deployed plug-in network device406. At this point, the newly deployed plug-in network device 406 may beconsidered no longer “newly deployed.” Depending upon implementation-and/or configuration-specific factors, the plug-in network deviceonboarding engine 418 can be used to onboard plug-in network devicesthat are coupled to the infrastructure network device 404 via repeatersor other plug-in network devices.

The plug-in network device onboarding engine 418 can create, read,update, and delete (CRUD) the plug-in network device onboardingdatastore 420. CRUD can be explicitly entered by human or artificialagents, derived from admin settings, or determined via some othermechanism. In such case, the plug-in network device onboarding engine418 may maintain the new credential information therein and/or cause thenetwork devices to update maintained credential information to the newcredential information.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart 500 of an example of a method for establishing awireless communication link between an infrastructure network device anda plug-in network device in a WLAN. This flowchart and the otherflowcharts described in this paper illustrate modules (and potentiallydecision points) organized in a fashion that is conducive tounderstanding. It should be recognized, however, that the modules can bereorganized for parallel execution, reordered, modified (changed,removed, or augmented), where circumstances permit.

In the example of FIG. 5, the flowchart 500 begins at module 502, withregistering a plug-in network device. In this example, registration of aplug-in network device is intended to represent a plug-in network deviceonboarding engine receiving registration information associated with theplug-in network device. In a specific implementation, registration isaccomplished by a human or artificial agent of an enterprise networkobtaining (e.g., reading, scanning, or receiving) the plug-in networkdevice registration information and providing (e.g., entering,messaging, or transmitting) the registration information to the plug-innetwork device onboarding engine. Plug-in network device registrationinformation can be provided on an internal or external surface of aplug-in network device (e.g., as a QR code, barcode, alphanumericstring, or the like) and/or electronically from an internal or externalactive or passive communication device (e.g., RFID tag, iBeacon, radiotransmitter, or the like.) of the plug-in network device. In analternative, the registration information is made available in packagingof the plug-in network device, via an application or web portalresponsive to an agent responsible for installing the plug-in networkdevice, or through some other avenue that makes the relevantregistration information available to the relevant agent. In yet anotheralternative, a manufacturer, or a retailer or other party locatedbetween manufacturer and consumer in a supply chain, can provide therelevant registration information to the plug-in device onboardingengine when the plug-in network device is manufactured, shipped, sold,or at some other point in the product-to-consumer; the registrationinformation can even be determined prior to manufacture, such is in theform of a Pre-Shared key (PSK). By registering the plug-in networkdevice registration information, the plug-in network device onboardingengine is aware of a set of plug-in network devices—which may be limitedto one network device depending upon implementation- and/orconfiguration-specific parameters—that are permitted to be onboarded.Registration information can be provided by more than one party. Forexample first registration data could be provided by a manufacturer,retailer, or service provider and second registration data could beprovided by a human or artificial agent of an enterprise network,wherein the registration information includes the first registrationdata and the second registration data.

In a specific implementation, identification information and/orcredential information of an infrastructure network device (e.g., aninfrastructure WAP, an infrastructure repeater, or an infrastructurebridge) through which the plug-in network device is to establish anetwork connection. The infrastructure network device information may ormay not be provided by the agent providing the plug-in network deviceregistration information, and could be provided later. For example, theinfrastructure network device information may be generated by theinfrastructure network device when the plug-in network devicecommunicates with the infrastructure network device (see below).

In the example of FIG. 5, the flowchart 500 continues to module 504,with, receiving an onboarding initialization request at a plug-innetwork device onboarding engine from a plug-in network device. In aspecific implementation, the onboarding initialization request includesan authentication request that is sent to an infrastructure networkdevice when a plug-in network device is powered on. As a preliminarystep, the plug-in network device may be placed within range of theinfrastructure network device, which may include a direct wirelessconnection (the devices must be within range of one another for two-waycommunication) or an indirect connection via repeaters, interveningsubnets, or the like. The onboarding initialization request, which mayinclude more than one datagram, packet, or message, includesauthentication information that results in a match when compared withregistration information in a plug-in network device onboarding engineaccessible by a plug-in network device onboarding engine that performsthe comparison.

The onboarding initialization request may follow installation of aplug-in network device. For example, the plug-in network device could betriggered to send the onboarding initialization request when it isplugged into a wall socket. Alternatively, the trigger could be a buttonpress on the plug-in network device, user input on a handheld device ofa human agent of the relevant enterprise network, sending anauthentication request from plug-in network device to an infrastructurenetwork device in accordance with a typical, e.g., 802.11 associationprocess, or the like. In a specific implementation, the onboardinginitialization request includes information in the header of anauthentication request, such as a MAC address associated with a plug-innetwork device, which can be used in whole or in part to authorize theplug-in network device for onboarding.

In the example of FIG. 5, the flowchart 500 continues to module 506,with authenticating the plug-in network device at the plug-in networkdevice onboarding engine. In a specific implementation, authenticatingthe plug-in network device includes obtaining plug-in network deviceregistration information from a plug-in network device onboarding engineprovided during registration (see, e.g., module 502) at aninfrastructure network device and comparing the registration informationto authentication information in an onboarding initialization request(see, e.g., module 504) received at the infrastructure network device.For example, the infrastructure network device can send a request forregistration information to the plug-in network device onboarding engineand receive registration information from the plug-in network deviceonboarding engine. The registration information may or may not beexplicitly associated with the infrastructure network device. As usedhere, “explicitly associated” means the registration information is forinstalling a plug-in network device identifiable with the registrationinformation for communication through the infrastructure network deviceand with the enterprise network. When the plug-in network deviceauthentication information, and the identification information andcredential information of the infrastructure network device, ifapplicable, are matched to the registration information at the plug-innetwork device onboarding engine, the infrastructure network device canprovide additional services through the plug-in network device.

It is assumed authenticating the plug-in network device at the plug-innetwork device onboarding engine is successful in the example of FIG. 5,but it may be worth noting unsuccessful authentication results in theplug-in network device not being authorized to act as a network deviceon, e.g., an enterprise network. In such a case, the plug-in networkdevice may or may not be allowed to operate as a station on the WLAN,such as on a guest network or other subnet with reduced access tonetwork resources. With the assumption authentication is successful, anaccess control engine may update an ACL to include the plug-in networkdevice and/or a network security engine may update network securitypolicy such that the plug-in network device is recognized as operatingin accordance with policy. If registration information does not includethe same parameters as are included in the ACL, the relevant parametersmay be taken from authentication information received from the plug-innetwork device. For example, if registration information includes a PSK,but ACL includes MAC address, after a plug-in network device isonboarded, the access control engine can use a MAC address provided fromthe plug-in network device in an authentication request (or othermessage).

In the example of FIG. 5, the flowchart 500 continues to module 508,with allowing the plug-in network device onto the network via aninfrastructure network device. In a specific implementation, theinfrastructure network device received an authentication request fromthe plug-in network device (see, e.g., module 504) and theinfrastructure network device responded. After a sequence of messages,e.g., a handshake, the plug-in network device is, at least in thisexample, onboarded and, more generally for stations, authenticated andallowed access to network services beyond onboarding and authenticationservices. When a device is “on the network,” an ACL, if applicable, willinclude the device, and the device will have access to network servicesapplicable to its VLAN, user rights, or other categorizationidentifiable using data provided from the plug-in network device (orthrough some other channel attributable to the plug-in network device).Notably, the plug-in network device can be onboarded onto a networkwithout a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet connection) between aninfrastructure network device and the plug-in network device.

In a specific implementation, an infrastructure network device sends aconnection request to the plug-in network device after receipt of anauthentication request from the plug-in network device, either duringonboarding or after, and the plug-in network device returns anacknowledgment upon receiving the connection request. In a specificimplementation, once a WLAN link is established, as long as the plug-innetwork device authentication information can be matched withregistration information in a plug-in network device onboardingdatastore, an ACL, or other applicable datastore, communicationtherethrough is carried out using pre-shared key (PSK) shared by bothends of the WLAN link, SSL (Secure Socket Layer) using public/privatekey encryption, or using some other mechanism suitable to maintainsecrecy of communication. In this way, communication of credentialinformation in the clear is prevented. As used here, “in the clear”means without encryption.

In the example of FIG. 5, the flowchart 500 continues to module 510,with causing at least one of the infrastructure network device and theplug-in network device to generate an indication that a link has beenestablished. In a specific implementation, when the plug-in networkdevice generates the indication, an applicable module such as the localoutput interface 322 (FIG. 3) generates the indication. In a specificimplementation, the indication includes one or more of a light emission,an audio output, and an image output.

In the example of FIG. 5, the flowchart 500 continues to decision point512 where it is determined whether link state change occurs. Link statechange includes, for example, when a power supply is cut off to theplug-in network device, causing the plug-in network device indicator toturn off (a likely implementation if the plug-in device has nocapacitance or battery to allow an electronic indicator to flash orsound) or to encourage a responsible party to re-establish a connectionto a power supply and/or causing the infrastructure network device toencourage a responsible party to re-establish a connection to power forthe plug-in network device. Because the plug-in network device may havean internal power supply, link state can include a prediction that alink will be disestablished in the future while the link is stillestablished. An applicable module such as the local output interface 322(FIG. 3) generates the indication that the link has been or may soon bedisestablished.

If it is determined a link state change has not occurred (512—No), theflowchart 500 loops back to decision point 512. If, on the other hand,it is determined a state change has occurred (512—Yes), the flowchart500 continues module 514 with causing at least one of the infrastructurenetwork device and the plug-in network device to generate an indicationof current link status. Current link status can include a variety oflink states, such as no power, limited power (e.g., battery power only),lack of a WLAN connection, lack of a LAN connection, lack of a WANconnection, or some other limitation of the link. Link status can alsoinclude a non-error state, such as pairing, authenticating, connected,or the like. The flowchart 500 then returns to decision point 512 andcontinues as described previously.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart 600 of an example of a method for establishing awireless communication link between a plug-in network device and a WLANvia an intervening plug-in network device. For illustrative purposes, afirst plug-in network device is assumed to have been already connectedto a mesh network and a second plug-in network device is connected tothe mesh network by the end of the flowchart 600. In the example of FIG.6, the flowchart 600 begins at module 602, with registering pairing offirst and second plug-in network devices with a network managementsystem. In a specific implementation, second plug-in network deviceauthentication information such as a serial number and defaultcredential number are indicated on the second plug-in network deviceand/or any applicable attachment of the second plug-in network device,and the second plug-in network device authentication information areregistered to a network management system based on user input. In aspecific implementation, identification information and credentialinformation of the first plug-in network device is also registered tothe network management system based on user input. Alternatively or inaddition, identification information and credential information of aninfrastructure network device is also registered to the networkmanagement system.

In the example of FIG. 6, the flowchart 600 continues to module 604,with causing the second plug-in network device to send a first meshpairing request to the first plug-in network device. Depending uponimplementation- and/or configuration-specific factors, the first meshpairing request is sent immediately, shortly after, or some time afterthe second plug-in network device is powered on (e.g., plugged in); thepower-on can act as a trigger for sending the first mesh pairingrequest. In a specific implementation, a network device securitymanagement engine such as the network device security management engine324 (FIG. 3) of the second plug-in network device causes the first meshpairing request to be sent to the first plug-in network device through afront-facing antenna such as the front-facing antenna array 306 (FIG.3). In a specific implementation, the first mesh pairing request sentfrom the second plug-in network device includes identificationinformation of the second plug-in network device. In a specificimplementation, as a preliminary step, to establish a wirelesscommunication link between the first plug-in network device and thesecond plug-in network device, the first plug-in network device and thesecond plug-in network device are powered on (e.g., plugged in) withinrange of one another.

In the example of FIG. 6, the flowchart 600 continues to module 606,with, upon receiving the first mesh pairing request, causing the firstplug-in network device to send a first acknowledgment and a second meshparing request to the second plug-in network device. In a specificimplementation, a network device security management engine such as thenetwork device security management engine 324 (FIG. 3) of the firstplug-in network device causes the first acknowledgment second meshpairing request to be sent to the second plug-in network device througha front-facing antenna such as the front-facing antenna array 306 (FIG.3). In a specific implementation, the second mesh paring request sentfrom the first plug-in network device includes identificationinformation of the first plug-in network device.

In the example of FIG. 6, the flowchart 600 continues to module 608,with, upon receiving the second mesh pairing request, causing the firstplug-in network device to return a second acknowledgement to the secondplug-in network device. In a specific implementation, a network devicesecurity management engine such as the network device securitymanagement engine 324 (FIG. 3) of the second plug-in network devicecauses the second acknowledgment to be sent to the first plug-in networkdevice through a front-facing antenna such as the front-facing antennaarray 306 (FIG. 3).

In the example of FIG. 6, the flowchart 600 continues to module 610,with, upon receiving the second acknowledgement, causing the firstplug-in network device to report pairing of the first and second plug-innetwork devices to the network management system via an infrastructurenetwork device. In a specific implementation, a network device securitymanagement engine such as the network device security management engine324 (FIG. 3) of the first plug-in network device causes a reportindicating the pairing of the first and second plug-in network devicesto be sent to the infrastructure network device through an up-facingantenna such as the up-facing antenna array 304 (FIG. 3). In a specificimplementation, the report includes identification information of thefirst and second plug-in network devices.

In the example of FIG. 6, the flowchart 600 continues to module 612,with establishing a direct wireless communication paring link betweenthe first plug-in network device and the second plug-in network device.In a specific implementation, when the network management systemreceives the report, the network management system perform authorizationof the pairing between the first plug-in network device and the secondplug-in network device based on the report and pairing registration thathave been made. In a specific implementation, when the pairingregistration indicates paring between the first plug-in network deviceand the second plug-in network device, the network management systemauthorizes and establishes the paring between the first plug-in networkdevice and the second plug-in network device.

FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 of an example of a plug-in networkdevice-augmented WVAN. The system of the example of FIG. 7 includes avehicle 702, a mobile network gateway 704 coupled to the vehicle 702, adetachable network device 706 coupled to the mobile network gateway 704,in-vehicle station 708-1 to in-vehicle station 708-n (collectively, thein-vehicle stations 708) coupled to the detachable network device 706,and extended WVAN station 710-1 to extended WVAN station 710-n(collectively, the extended WVAN stations 710) coupled to the detachablenetwork device 706.

In the example of FIG. 7, the vehicle 702 is intended to represent avehicle with a mobile network interface used to connect devices througha WLAN network device installed therein. The vehicle 702 can beimplemented as an automobile, truck, bus, bike, or other groundtransportation vehicle; an airplane, helicopter, or other airtransportation vehicle; a boat, ship, or other water transportationvehicle; or any other vehicle. The type of implementation may have abearing on the nature of the mobile network to which the vehicle 702 iscoupled. For example, if the vehicle 702 is an automobile, a mobilenetwork of land-based cellular base stations may suffice, while if thevehicle 702 is a ship, it may be desirable to make available maritimemobile satellite service in addition to (or instead of) maritime mobileservice via coast and other ship stations.

In the example of FIG. 7, the mobile network gateway 704 is intended torepresent a device installed in the vehicle 702 that includes a mobilenetwork interface and an interface to a WVAN or WVAN network device. Ina specific implementation, the mobile network gateway 704 provides aninterface to a mobile network managed by commercial mobile wirelessservice providers, such as AT&T and Verizon. Some of the communicationprotocols used for mobile wireless communication include 2G, 3G, 4G, 4GLTE, LTE-Advanced, WiMAX, WiMAX2, 5G, and so on. The mobile networkgateway 704 may or may not be detachable. For example, the mobilenetwork gateway 704 could be integrated into the circuitry of the car,installed in the glove compartment, or plugged into a cigar lighterreceptacle.

In the example of FIG. 7, the plug-in network device 706 is intended torepresent a device installed in the vehicle 702 that includes a WVANinterface and an interface to the mobile network gateway 704. In aspecific implementation, the plug-in network device 706 is managed by anetwork management system that may be accessible locally or via themobile network gateway 704. (It is also possible to have a remotenetwork management system that is not continuously connected, though alocal agent would likely be implemented to handle at least some networkmanagement functionality in such an implementation, unless static rulesare acceptable.) The plug-in network device 706 may include somephysical security hardware designed to make it difficult to remove fromthe vehicle 702, or be installed in a relatively hidden location, suchas a glove compartment or under the seat, but for illustrative purposes,the plug-in network device is assumed to be plugged into a power outletof the vehicle 702, such as a cigar lighter receptacle, and located in asecure and/or convenient location, such as the dashboard, glovecompartment, ceiling, instrument panel, or the like. In animplementation in which the mobile network gateway 704 includes a WLANinterface and a mobile interface, the plug-in network device 706 can becoupled to the mobile network gateway 704 wirelessly via a WLANinterface. Alternatively or in addition, the plug-in network device 706can be coupled to the mobile network gateway 704 via a wired interface,such as Ethernet. The plug-in network device 704 and the mobile networkgateway 704 can also be implemented as a single plug-in gateway device.In a specific implementation, the plug-in network device 706 extends theWVAN to up to 300 m, with decreased range under non-ideal conditions.

In a specific implementation, the plug-in network device 706 isconfigured to maintain identification information of stations, such asserial number and/or MAC address and unique credential information(e.g., default credential information) for stations to connect to theplug-in network device 706. In a specific implementation, the plug-innetwork device 706 is configured to establish a wireless end-nodeconnection with stations. To establish the wireless end-node connection,stations send credential information of the plug-in network device 706,and the plug-in network device 706 compares credential informationmaintained therein and the credential information received from stationsfor authentication.

In the example of FIG. 7, the in-vehicle stations 708 are intended torepresent wireless devices either carried in or around or installed inor on the vehicle 702. As such, the in-vehicle stations 708 can varydepending upon what passengers (with wireless devices) are in thevehicle 702. In an implementation in which the mobile network gateway704 includes both a mobile network interface and a WVAN interface, thein-vehicle stations 708 can join the WVAN (assuming authorization et al.is successful) because the mobile network gateway would presumably havebeen designed to provide such access. However, network services providedvia the mobile network gateway 704 can be inferior to those of morerobust network devices.

In the example of FIG. 7, the extended WVAN stations 710 are intended torepresent wireless devices that can be provided network servicessuperior to those provided by the mobile network gateway 704 under givenenvironmental conditions (e.g., considering congestion, range, etc.).Accordingly, the extended WVAN stations 710 are illustrated as coupledto the vehicle 702 via the plug-in network device 706. The in-vehiclestations 708 may or may not be coupled to the plug-in network device706, as well, depending, for example, upon the capabilities of themobile network gateway 704. The extended WVAN stations 710 can includeend-user devices, IoT devices, and/or repeaters. IoT devices can includea global positioning system (GPS) devices, accelerometer, a gyrometer, amotion sensor, a vibration sensor, a smell sensor (e.g., alcoholsensor), a sound (including ultrasonic) sensor, a thermometer, ahygrometer, a smoke detector, and so on. In a specific implementation,when a sensor detects an abnormal state associated with abnormal events(e.g., accident, breakage, emergency) in or near the vehicle 702, thesensor transmits an abnormality notification to the plug-in networkdevice 706 (and/or the mobile network gateway 704), such that theplug-in network device 706 (and/or the mobile network gateway 704)forwards the abnormality notification. In a specific implementation, theabnormality notification is transmitted to the in-vehicle stations 708,extended WVAN stations 710, and/or applicable entities (e.g., police,fire department, highway patrol, coast guard, aviation administration,amber alert, etc.).

These and other examples provided in this paper are intended toillustrate but not necessarily to limit the described implementation. Asused herein, the term “implementation” means an implementation thatserves to illustrate by way of example but not limitation. Thetechniques described in the preceding text and figures can be mixed andmatched as circumstances demand to produce alternative implementations.

We claim:
 1. A system, comprising: a network management system thatincludes hardware configured to manage a wireless local area network(WLAN) at a physical location; an infrastructure network device on theWLAN at the physical location coupled to the network management system;and a plug-in network device, coupled to the infrastructure networkdevice via a wireless medium, that includes: an up-facing antenna array;an infrastructure network device wireless communication interfacecoupled to the up-facing antenna array; a front-facing antenna array; anon-access point (AP) station wireless communication interface coupledto the front-facing antenna array; and a backbone communicationinterface coupled to the infrastructure network device wirelesscommunication interface and the non-AP station wireless communicationinterface, wherein the network management system is configured to allowthe plug-in network device access to network services via theinfrastructure network device.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein thenetwork management system is implemented on a cloud-based platform. 3.The system of claim 1, wherein the network management system includes aplug-in network device onboarding engine.
 4. The system of claim 1,wherein the network management system includes a network securityengine.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the network management systemincludes an access control engine.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein theinfrastructure network device includes a wireless access point.
 7. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the plug-in network device includes a plug-inmesh network device.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-innetwork device is a newly deployed device added to the WLAN.
 9. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the backbone communication interface iscoupled to a wired backbone network.
 10. The system of claim 1, whereinthe plug-in network device includes an antenna signal shield disposedbetween the up-facing antenna array and the front-facing antenna array.11. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-in network device includes aplug-in network device housing and secure coupling bracketsoperationally connected to the plug-in network device housing.
 12. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the plug-in network device includes aprotocol conversion engine coupled to the infrastructure network devicewireless communication interface and the non-AP station wirelesscommunication interface.
 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-innetwork device includes a network device processing engine coupled tothe infrastructure network device wireless communication interface andthe non-AP station wireless communication interface.
 14. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the plug-in network device includes a network devicesecurity management engine coupled to the infrastructure network devicewireless communication interface and the non-AP station wirelesscommunication interface.
 15. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-innetwork device includes a network device portability power controlengine coupled to the infrastructure network device wirelesscommunication interface and the non-AP station wireless communicationinterface.
 16. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-in network deviceincludes a local output interface coupled to the infrastructure networkdevice wireless communication interface and the non-AP station wirelesscommunication interface.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-innetwork device includes a sensor coupled to the infrastructure networkdevice wireless communication interface and the non-AP station wirelesscommunication interface.
 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the plug-innetwork device is deployed at a location that is lower in elevation thanthat of the infrastructure network device.
 19. A plug-in network device,comprising: an up-facing antenna array; an infrastructure network devicewireless communication interface coupled to the up-facing antenna array;a front-facing antenna array; a non-access point (AP) station wirelesscommunication interface coupled to the front-facing antenna array; abackbone communication interface coupled to the infrastructure networkdevice wireless communication interface and the non-AP station wirelesscommunication interface; and an antenna signal shield disposed betweenthe up-facing antenna array and the front-facing antenna array.
 20. Aplug-in network device, comprising: an up-facing antenna array; aninfrastructure network device wireless communication interface coupledto the up-facing antenna array; a front-facing antenna array; anon-access point (AP) station wireless communication interface coupledto the front-facing antenna array; a backbone communication interfacecoupled to the infrastructure network device wireless communicationinterface and the non-AP station wireless communication interface; aplug-in network device housing; and secure coupling bracketsoperationally connected to the plug-in network device housing.